Description:

Online platform offering senior-friendly tutorials on using email, social media, online banking, and more.

Pros:

Very simple language, step-by-step instructions, includes offline printable PDFs.

Cons:

Limited multimedia features; text-heavy layout.

Description:

Allows to the user to view the weather forecast minute by minute

Pros:

Easy to use, open access, promotes transparency

Cons:

requires location and internet connection

Description:

This app promotes active and healthy aging by providing exercises designed to maintain physical health and prevent frailty and falls in individuals aged 55 and older. It includes warm-up routines, strengthening exercises, endurance and balance training, flexibility and stretching, walking routines, and group activities, all aimed at improving mobility, stability, and overall well-being for a more independent lifestyle.

Pros:

The app promotes active aging by encouraging regular physical activity, which contributes to overall well-being and helps prevent inactivity-related diseases. It also offers customization, allowing users to select exercises tailored to their specific needs, such as strength, flexibility, or endurance.

Cons:

The app requires a certain level of familiarity with mobile devices and internet connections. It may also have geographic limitations, as some features are optimized for specific regions, like Andalusia, reducing their effectiveness in other areas. Additionally, while the app offers exercises, it does not replace personalized advice from healthcare professionals.

Description:

Initiative that trains older adults and associations in digital skills, promoting active aging and improving technological accessibility.

Pros:

Free; offers training in digital skills; improves user autonomy.

Cons:

Requires an internet connection; initial assistance may be needed for users with limited digital skills.

Description:

A European network that promotes the rights and social participation of older people across the EU. It offers resources, research, and advocacy on issues like social inclusion, civic participation, and equality for seniors.

Pros:

Focuses on advocacy and social participation for seniors across Europe. Offers research, reports, and campaigns to promote the rights of older adults. Provides useful resources for engaging in societal issues, volunteering, and social activism.

Cons:

Not specifically focused on activities for individuals, more on advocacy and policy. Primarily an advocacy platform, so may not have detailed event listings.

Description:

Thematic portal offering information on research in Gerontology and Geriatrics, as well as useful resources for professionals and seniors.

Pros:

Free access; information based on scientific research; promotes participation and informed debate.

Cons:

Some content may be technical and aimed at professionals.

Description:

Educational platform from Poland's national cybersecurity agency offering free materials on safe internet use and digital literacy.

Pros:

Focus on digital safety, includes interactive courses, videos, and tests suitable for older adults.

Cons:

Some modules may assume prior digital knowledge.

Description:

AlertCops is an app that is part of the National Police's "Plan Mayor Seguridad" to ensure the safety of older adults. Through the AlertCops app, users can report criminal activities, receive safety-related notifications, and access an emergency button.

Pros:

The app allows users to send alerts with images or videos to emergency centers and communicate with support agents for quick assistance. It also features an SOS button that notifies guardians with the user's location and a 10-second audio clip. Additionally, the "Guardian" feature lets users share their location with selected contacts or rescue services for faster help.

Cons:

The app is primarily designed for use within Spain, and users residing outside the country may experience functionality limitations or may not be able to use the app effectively.

Description:

EU-wide collection of toolkits, learning materials and project-based educational content on digital skills.

Pros:

Diverse formats and levels; trusted by EU projects; DigComp aligned.

Cons:

Requires navigation skills; not always senior-focused.

Description:

An Android mobile app linking seniors with local senior clubs, volunteering groups, events, and local support institutions.

Pros:

Direct access to local initiatives, news, and resources in one place; very easy to navigate.

Cons:

Only available on Android phones; limited to municipalities cooperating with the platform.

Description:

Part of the EU BIK initiative promoting safe internet use among vulnerable groups including older adults.

Pros:

Practical safety advice; public awareness focus; supported by EC.

Cons:

Content varies by country; few training activities.

Description:

bSafe offers innovative technology that prevents and documents violence in a simple and accessible way for everyone. The alarm can be activated by voice or touch, alerting your selected guardians. They will receive your real-time location and a live audio and video feed from your phone. All files recorded by your phone after pressing the emergency button will be sent to your guardians.

Pros:

The ability to share critical information with family and friends increases the level of personal security.

Cons:

Some users reported malfunctions, such as ineffectiveness of the voice activation function and difficulties in cancelling the subscription.

Description:

Educational platform promoting active ageing with free courses and webinars on digital skills and employability for over 55s.

Pros:

Training content designed for seniors; interactive and easy-to-follow webinars

Cons:

Does not directly offer jobs; some courses are held at fixed times

Description:

French government platform that allows individuals to access training opportunities for career development.

Pros:

Free access to thousands of certified training courses, Government-subsidized, reducing personal costs, Supports lifelong learning and career transitions

Cons:

Only available for individuals working or having worked in France, Website mainly in French, limiting accessibility for non-French speakers

Description:

Project that locates and promotes the use of open data and data technologies to generate valuable information on healthy aging in Spain.

Pros:

Open access; promotes transparency and data-driven knowledge.

Cons:

It may be more useful for researchers and practitioners than for the general public.

Description:

A useful website with recipes for people that suffer from diabetes

Pros:

It can help people that used to eat in a specific way for a long time to transition into a healthier diet

Cons:

Limited amount of recipes

Description:

Self-evaluation tool aligned with DigComp to measure one's digital skills and plan learning paths.

Pros:

Based on official EU framework; personalized feedback.

Cons:

May be difficult for very low-skilled users.

Description:

Proposals for activities and educational materials aimed at older adults to encourage their active participation and continued learning.

Pros:

Free; a variety of resources; backed by a recognized foundation (Fundación "la Caixa")

Cons:

May require basic digital skills to navigate resources.

Description:

Global online toolkit for acquiring foundational digital skills for work and life, supported by EU and UN.

Pros:

High-level trust; globally recognized; beginner-friendly.

Cons:

Generic content; lacks interactivity.

Description:

EU project providing a structured digital training path that includes content creation and online collaboration for adult learners.

Pros:

Step-by-step activities; intercultural inclusion focus.

Cons:

Not designed exclusively for seniors; requires a facilitator.

Description:

NGO leading various EU projects to fight e-exclusion of seniors via training, games and digital tools.

Pros:

Proven expertise in senior ICT; EU best practices included.

Cons:

Primarily France-focused; content partly in French.

Description:

eAgora is a digital platform that enhances citizen participation by connecting local governments with communities. It offers tools for event management, public issue reporting, and real-time communication.

Pros:

eAgora facilitates civic participation by enabling easy communication between citizens and local governments. As an all-in-one tool, it integrates events, issue reporting, communication, and community activities within a single platform. It also promotes transparency by allowing public administrations to share information openly and directly with the community.

Cons:

eAgora's effectiveness depends on local digitalization, as not all administrations may adopt or regularly update the app. There are also potential privacy concerns, as managing personal data requires careful attention. Additionally, the platform's utility is limited to areas where it is locally adopted.

Description:

Software that turns any personal computer into a user-friendly device for seniors, providing web accessibility through a simple interface with six main buttons.

Pros:

Free; makes it easy to use email, internet browsing, and other basic functions.

Cons:

The interface may seem overly simplified to some users; limited documentation in Spanish.

Description:

Guidelines and best practices by the EU Agency for Cybersecurity for protecting older adults online.

Pros:

EU authority; simple and visual recommendations; addresses real threats faced by seniors.

Cons:

More informative than interactive; may lack depth for some users.

Description:

European Commission platform offering resources and blogs on adult education including for digital inclusion.

Pros:

Community-driven; multilingual; covers seniors' education.

Cons:

Too broad for beginners; requires search to find relevant senior material.

Description:

A government portal offering digital access to public services like tax filing, ID card renewal, and official documents.

Pros:

Centralized, secure, allows submission of official requests without leaving home.

Cons:

Requires login and digital ID; interface not fully senior-friendly.

Description:

A central EU platform providing access to courses, tools, and resources to foster digital upskilling for all citizens, including older adults.

Pros:

Offers wide range of free and quality-assured EU-level digital resources; continuously updated; includes DigComp alignment.

Cons:

Interface may be overwhelming for low-skilled users; requires basic digital literacy to navigate.

Description:

Official EU portal offering access to digital education strategies, tools, and training materials aligned with the DEAP.

Pros:

Authoritative; supports lifelong learning and policy alignment; institutional backing.

Cons:

Policy-focused; not tailored for elderly users specifically.

Description:

it focuses on improving the quality of life and healthcare for seniors in Europe. It connects stakeholders, offers projects, and promotes innovative solutions to create environments that support active ageing.

Pros:

Promotes innovation and solutions for active and healthy ageing. Connects various stakeholders (governments, businesses, healthcare providers) to implement age-friendly solutions. Offers practical projects and initiatives to support seniors' independence and well-being.

Cons:

Focused more on innovations and collaborative projects rather than direct services for individuals. Some content can be complex and technical, requiring understanding of European healthcare systems.

Description:

This app help to the user to stay connect with his family and friends and to see their everyday activities

Pros:

the app promotes active living and stay connected with their families and friends

Cons:

An internet connection is required

Description:

Foundation that organizes courses and events both online and in person to promote Financial Education

Pros:

They offer some courses and events dedicated to elders

Cons:

The majority of courses are dedicated to young people

Description:

France Bénévolat is a national network dedicated to the volunteers’ reception and guidance, which was founded in 2003 and was recognized as being of public usefulness in 2010

Pros:

Offers a wide variety of missions (social action, environmental projects, education, culture, etc.), allowing seniors to choose something that fits their interests and physical abilities. Many roles can be done on a flexible schedule or even remotely, making it accessible for those with mobility issues. Studies show that seniors who volunteer experience better physical and mental health, including lower stress and improved cognitive function. The France Bénévolat platform makes it simple to find missions near home, reducing barriers to participation.

Cons:

The platform requires online registration, which could be a challenge for seniors who are not comfortable with digital tools. Some volunteering opportunities require a regular commitment.

Description:

French governmental agency for employment services, assisting job seekers with job placements, training, and financial aid.

Pros:

Comprehensive job search and training support, Financial assistance for job seekers

Cons:

Limited to France-based opportunities, Bureaucratic procedures can be complex

Description:

official platform for filing taxes online in France, providing secure e-filing services and tax-related information.

Pros:

Secure and official platform for tax filing, Reduces paperwork and simplifies the tax process, Provides personalized assistance for tax inquiries

Cons:

Navigation can be complex for non-French speakers; Requires knowledge of the French tax system

Description:

EU-funded online course tailored for seniors to develop basic digital skills in communication and everyday technology use.

Pros:

Designed specifically for seniors; practical examples; user-friendly navigation.

Cons:

Offered only in English; requires email to enroll.

Description:

Gamapea is an app developed by the University of Santiago de Compostela to promote active aging. It offers an interactive game designed to enhance cognitive abilities and encourage healthy habits in individuals aged 45 and older. The app focuses on mood monitoring, behavioral activation, and education on sleep, physical activity, and nutrition.

Pros:

The app promotes active aging by encouraging regular physical activity, which contributes to overall well-being and helps prevent inactivity-related diseases. It also offers personalization, allowing users to select exercises tailored to their specific needs, such as strength, flexibility, or endurance.

Cons:

Some functionalities could be optimised for specific regions, such as Andalusia, limiting effectiveness elsewhere.

Description:

A website with mini games and quizzes dedicated to keep the brain trained in various fields

Pros:

The font is big and legible even for people with sight problems

Cons:

Limited amount of tests/games

Description:

Health Tracker is a powerful and user-friendly application. It's also a handy tool for overall healthy living.

Pros:

Free; user-friendly, adaptable interface

Cons:

An internet connection is required

Description:

Platform that offers information, tools, and resources to promote the health, participation, safety, and learning of the older population.

Pros:

Open access; a variety of health and wellness information; promoted by a government agency.

Cons:

Some content may be specific to the Andalusia region.

Description:

Central online patient account used for accessing prescriptions, referrals, vaccinations, and health data in Poland.

Pros:

Secure, integrated with public healthcare, used widely across age groups; gives seniors more autonomy.

Cons:

Requires login using e-ID or trusted profile; some find interface difficult.

Description:

Website for guided trips around the world with a dedicated section for Seniors

Pros:

Variety of trips: EU, Asia, Africa, America with very different budgets

Cons:

You have to arrive at the starting location by yourself

Description:

Website where you can find art exhibitions, cultural events and festivals in Italy

Pros:

Easy to browse: events can be searched by date, location, title of the exhibition or by artist

Cons:

It is just a sort of search engine, to book or buy the tickets you have to visit the museum's official websites

Description:

Online public transport planner used across Polish cities; helps seniors plan routes by bus, tram, or train.

Pros:

Voice support, real-time updates, integrates accessibility info; allows seniors to travel independently.

Cons:

Interface dense for beginners; requires internet access or mobile app.

Description:

A free mobile app allowing users to check availability and reserve medications at nearby pharmacies by entering the drug name, dose, and location. Users pick up and pay in person.

Pros:

Helps avoid unnecessary trips; supports medication planning and adherence; includes option to ask pharmacists questions.

Cons:

Doesn't support home delivery; requires going to a pharmacy to collect medicines.

Description:

Medisafe is a free mobile app that helps users manage their medications, receive reminders to take them, and track their health status. The app has been rated number one by doctors and pharmacists.

Pros:

Medisafe offers several benefits, including personalized medication reminders, a drug interaction checker for safety, and a "Medfriend" feature that allows family members and caregivers to monitor adherence. Additionally, the app enables users to track various health metrics like weight, blood pressure, and blood sugar, providing a comprehensive tool for managing both medication and overall health.

Cons:

While the app works well for many medications, it may not support all drugs or provide information on very specific conditions.

Description:

Medisafe allows you to take control of your medication journey - from complicated dosing schedules to keeping track of dozens of measurements, it's all here in one place. Well even let you know if two of your meds may cause an unhealthy interaction.

Pros:

provides a number of advantages, such as customized medication reminders and a safety checker for drug interactions.

Cons:

people with low digital skills may require some assistance at first.

Description:

Mobile application designed to make technology more accessible to seniors, concentrating all the necessary applications in one and adapting the interface with intuitive buttons and large visual elements.

Pros:

Free; simplified and customizable interface; developed with the participation of students and seniors.

Cons:

Being in beta, it may present bugs or limitations; availability in app stores is limited.

Description:

Apps developed under EU-funded health programs offering stress reduction and wellbeing practices.

Pros:

Supports mental health; adaptable to age needs.

Cons:

May require mobile device; not all versions are free.

Description:

MK Vesti delivers the latest breaking news from Macedonia and the world, all in one place.

Pros:

Open access and help them to stay in touch with the latest informtion in the society

Cons:

An internet connection is required.

Description:

Official mobile app for Poland's online patient portal, allowing seniors to access health records, prescriptions, and vaccination status.

Pros:

Simple design, medication reminders, free and secure, highly integrated with public health services.

Cons:

Requires mobile device and login via trusted profile.

Description:

Inclusive digital literacy MOOCs provided by the EU's EPALE platform, targeting adult learners including seniors.

Pros:

Free and accessible; supports inclusive learning; available in several EU languages.

Cons:

Navigation on EPALE can be complex for beginners; not senior-specific.

Description:

Access to resources for maintaining an independent and healthy lifestyle, including advice on healthy aging, care options, and security. It focuses on healthcare rights, aging well, and staying secure in the community.

Pros:

Focus on promoting independent living and aging well. Offers information on healthcare, social care, and legal rights. Provides health tips and guides for maintaining security and independence.

Cons:

Primarily focused on policy, so less practical for immediate needs. Some sections may be more relevant to those in the EU’s health policy framework rather than individuals.

Description:

App that sends medications, and doctor's appointments reminders and useful to keep track of medication supply, symptoms and measurements

Pros:

Useful for gaining independence for elderly

Cons:

Could be difficult to use for beginners

Description:

Free Polish MOOC platform offering online courses from universities, including digital skills, languages, and finance.

Pros:

Free, accessible, no prior education required, supports self-paced learning for all age groups.

Cons:

Some interface elements may be confusing for first-time users; registration required.

Description:

Pension Card is an extremely useful application that provides numerous benefits to its users. This innovative application allows users of the PIO fund, hereinafter referred to as pensioners, to easily monitor and take advantage of all the benefits offered through the pension card program. Whether you want to be informed about current benefits or want to find out the latest news in the field of pension services, this application is your reliable source of information.

Pros:

Open access; promotes transparency and data-driven knowledge.

Cons:

people with low digital skills may require some assistance at first.

Description:

This app sends a daily text message reminder to take the right medication at the right time

Pros:

Open access to a diverse range of health and wellness information

Cons:

internet connection is needed

Description:

An application that assesses muscle strength and frailty in older adults, facilitating individualized interventions to improve their physical condition.

Pros:

Useful for healthcare professionals; contributes to the prevention of falls and functional impairment

Cons:

May require professional supervision for proper use; not intended for the general public.

Description:

An app that works like a personal trainer, offering home exercise routines specifically designed for people over 60, including yoga, dance, and Pilates adapted to different pathologies.

Pros:

Free; activities tailored to activity levels and health conditions; live classes taught by senior instructors; option to connect to TV.

Cons:

You may need assistance connecting your mobile device to your TV.

Description:

The Mindfulness feature now offers an even simpler mood check-in, breathing exercises, and helpful tips! Easily track your mood to lower stress and feel calm every day •You can now track your Body Temperature to monitor changes in your body at a glance! •Various bug fixes and improvements applied.

Pros:

The app promotes active aging by encouraging regular physical activity

Cons:

people with low digital skills may require some assistance at first.

Description:

A city-based app providing updates about events, health initiatives, workshops, and senior engagement opportunities.

Pros:

Localized, up-to-date info for seniors; includes contact directories for cultural institutions.

Cons:

Currently only active in Rzeszów; limited national coverage.

Description:

Mobile app connecting seniors with verified caregivers for home services such as transport, health visits, cleaning, or shopping.

Pros:

Easy-to-use interface, Polish-language support, includes verified professionals, improves independence for seniors living alone.

Cons:

Requires smartphone and account setup; some services are paid.

Description:

Online platform that connects people over 50 with job offers, volunteering opportunities, or training tailored to their needs and abilities. It encourages active participation in the labor market, helping to close the employment age gap.

Pros:

Free; offers job offers specifically for those over 50; promotes the employment inclusion of older adults.

Cons:

Job opportunities can be limited depending on location and industry; there aren't always a wide range of options available.

Description:

Network that offers digital education, peer support and community activities for older adults across Europe.

Pros:

Focus on elderly users; peer-to-peer training approach.

Cons:

Access may depend on local chapters; resources vary.

Description:

SEPE is useful for applying for unemployment benefits, finding job offers, and accessing free training courses. It also supports older adults who want to return to work or prepare for retirement.

Pros:

Official and reliable government service; wide range of services (jobs, benefits, training); digital procedures available (certificates, appointments, etc.)

Cons:

Complex and sometimes unintuitive website; limited direct online support, requires digital identification for most services (Cl@ve, digital certificate)

Description:

A very useful app for people with dietary restrictions to check if the products they want to buy fit their necessities

Pros:

Makes it easy to read the small written labels on the products

Cons:

Limited to the products registered on the app

Description:

App dedicated to create workout plans for seniors based on age groups with focus on body parts

Pros:

At home exercises that do not require specific gym equipment

Cons:

The app is Apple exclusive

Description:

SmartAppCity is a mobile app that integrates city services, promotes tourism, and supports local businesses by offering products and services through a public-private partnership.

Pros:

SmartAppCity integrates urban services, making it easier for users to access various city offerings. It supports local businesses by allowing them to directly provide products and services to users. The app also offers valuable tourist information, enhancing the overall experience for visitors in the city.

Cons:

SmartAppCity relies on local participation from administrations and businesses to be effective. Its accessibility may be limited, as it might not be available in all cities or regions. The app requires constant updates and maintenance to remain useful.

Description:

Born as a magazine, now website, portal with podcasts and webinars dedicated to people over 50 years old

Pros:

Has articles about many different themes

Cons:

Not interactive

Description:

A mobile app for storing loyalty cards from retail stores, allowing users to access all cards from their phone, browse promotions, and use in-store discounts.

Pros:

Reduces need to carry physical cards; access to offers and store locations; supports better organization and economic participation.

Cons:

Some seniors may need help setting it up; barcode scanning may require guidance.

Description:

Stopanska Banka's e-banking service allows at users to check the status and reports of their accounts and credit and deposit products at the Bank, or to perform transactions from their accounts, from home, , or anywhere with internet access.

Pros:

Open access encourages transparency and data-driven knowledge.

Cons:

An internet connection is required

Description:

Website showcasing all theatre events in Italy with dates and locations with direct links to buy/book tickets

Pros:

Easy to browse: events can be searched by date, location, genre or by title/artist

Cons:

All the theatre events showcased are held in Italy

Description:

EU-supported platforms enabling seniors to access digital healthcare and telemedicine services safely.

Pros:

Improves access to care; EC-backed guidance; privacy-respecting.

Cons:

Requires digital device and stable internet; not uniformly available in all EU countries.

Description:

news and information website tailored for English-speaking residents in France, covering topics like property law, healthcare, and pensions.

Pros:

Provides essential legal and administrative guidance for expats, Covers a broad range of topics relevant to daily life in France

Cons:

Some content requires a paid subscription, Primarily focused on British and other English-speaking expats

Description:

Artificial intelligence-based application designed for the early detection of signs of cognitive decline, such as Alzheimer's, through games and gamified memory tests.

Pros:

Free; self-administered; validated by medical societies; 97% accurate.

Cons:

It does not offer definitive medical diagnoses; it recommends consultation with a specialist if a risk is detected.

Description:

Ultimate Volume Booster allows users with limited hearing to increase the volume beyond the phone's default limit. This helps elderly people with hearing impairment to hear notifications, messages or incoming calls.

Pros:

Ultimate Volume Booster enhances sound beyond the phone's standard limit, making it especially useful for individuals with hearing difficulties. It features a simple, user-friendly interface suitable for older adults and is compatible with various apps, improving the audio of notifications, calls, music, and videos. The app is also helpful in noisy environments, allowing users to hear more clearly in crowded or outdoor settings.

Cons:

Excessive amplification may compromise audio quality, causing distortion or metallic sounds; prolonged use at high volume levels can pose risks to both hearing and the device's speakers.

Description:

The University of Genoa has a dedicated website that offer the access to courses both online and in person for people over 45 years old

Pros:

The cost for each academic year for the main courses offered is just 40€ per student

Cons:

The title obtained with these courses is not an official degree title

Description:

This app help to the user to stay connect with his family and friends and to communicate with them through audio and vieo call

Pros:

Easy to use

Cons:

An internet connection is required

Description:

Very useful app to track finances, you can link your bank account and budget for the future

Pros:

Easy access and can be shared with family/spouse

Cons:

Is not beginner-friendly and could be too complicated for elders

Description:

Yocuido is a mobile application that connects families and companies in the sociosanitary sector with a vast database of candidates seeking employment in domestic services and caregiving roles.

Pros:

Yocuido offers an extensive pool of over 200,000 registered candidates, making it easy for employers to find suitable caregiving and domestic service professionals. The platform's algorithms enable quick matches, often within hours, streamlining the recruitment process.

Cons:

Yocuido has some limitations, including its regional focus, as it primarily serves the Spanish market, which may limit its effectiveness outside of Spain. Additionally, using the app requires basic digital literacy and access to internet-enabled devices, which could be a barrier for some users. While the platform offers a large pool of candidates, there is no guarantee that the ideal candidate will always be available, particularly during peak periods.

Description:

It provides EU citizens with information on retirement, pensions, and working after retirement, including guidance on cross-border pensions and EU social security.

Pros:

Covers pension systems across EU countries. Provides tools like pension calculators. Advice on working after retirement.

Cons:

Information can be technical and complex.

Description:

Yuka's mission is to help consumers decipher food and cosmetic labels, enabling them to make better choices for both their health and the environment.

Pros:

Simple colour code rating that is easy to interpret. Helps seniors identify harmful additives, excess salt, sugar, or saturated fats. Provides alternative product recommendations, making it easier to switch to healthier options. Allows seniors to make informed decisions on their own. The most important functionnalities are free.

Cons:

Lack of customization options for larger fonts or high-contrast modes.Some seniors might find it difficult to scan products. Yuka provides a single score (red/orange/green) that simplifies nutritional quality, which may oversimplify complex dietary needs of seniors with specific medical conditions. Some products may not be in the database, requiring manual input, which could be frustrating.

Description:

The main online portal of Poland's Social Insurance Institution (ZUS) for managing pensions, health, and retirement records.

Pros:

Secure access to personal pension data, e-services for retirement benefits, online communication with ZUS. Integration with national digital identity tools (e-ID / trusted profile). Dedicated support services for users with disabilities, including sign language interpretation and simplified communication channels for the hearing-impaired. Available both via browser and mobile version.

Cons:

Requires a verified digital identity (Profil Zaufany), which may be a barrier for less tech-savvy seniors. Can be overwhelming due to bureaucratic language and complex layout.